This is true enough. The CCRA is an agency which has the responsibility
to collect taxes. It is a body corporate and has a separate legal
existance from the government.
Well if it ain't the lying sack of shit Stephen the lawyer here to
pickup where Raider left off.
A quick recap for the readers on the lies this lawyer has already been
caught in....
LIE #1
"Governments are artificial entities, but I wouldn't classify them as
persons." - Stephen Jenuth
Indeed it was established that this lawyer was LYING to the readers.
----------
"Nations or states, are denominated by publicists, bodies politic, and
are said to have their affairs and interests, and to deliberate and
resolve, in common. They thus become as moral persons, having an
understanding and will peculiar to themselves, and are susceptible of
obligations and laws." - John Bouvier, A Law Dictionary
----------
The people as a corporate unit form an artificial person or body
politic; thus constituted they form a moral person". "It is this
person we call a state." - Wilson’s Works 321-325: Wilson’s Works
321
----------
Arizona State Legislature
45-291. Definition of person
In this article, unless the context otherwise requires, "person" means
an individual, public or private corporation, company, partnership,
firm, association, society, estate, trust, any other private
organization or enterprise, the United States, any state, territory or
country or a governmental entity, political subdivision or municipal
corporation organized under or subject to the constitution and laws of
the United States, this state or any other state.
http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/45/00291.htm
----------
Title 30 Texas Admin. Code, Chapter 60
Definition of "Person": "Person" means an individual, corporation,
organization, government or governmental subdivision or agency,
business trust, partnership, association, or any other legal entity.
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/enforcement/compl_histories.html
----------
UNIFORM FRAUDULENT TRANSFER ACT
SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS. As used in this [Act]:
(9) "Person" means an individual, partnership, corporation,
association, organization, government or governmental subdivision or
agency, business trust, estate, trust, or any other legal or
commercial entity.
----------
BAYTRADE
"Person" is any individual, branch, partnership, association,
associated group, estate, trust, corporation, or other organization
(whether or not organized under the laws of any State), and any
government (including a foreign government, the U.S. Government, a
State or local government, and any agency, corporation, financial
institution, or other entity or instrumentality thereof, including a
government sponsored agency.)
----------
Webster's New Dictionary unabridged 2nd Ed. 1965.
The United States Federal Government is a corporate entity or society
which makes it a person. A monarch is, "a single or sole ruler of a
state... a person or a thing that suppresses others of the same kind."
----------
LIE #2
"The United States of America were never a corporation.." - Stephen
Jenuth
As you will see, almost every word coming out of this lawyer's mouth
is nothing but a damn LIE.
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
by John Bouvier
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
CORPORATION
CORPORATION. An aggregate corporation is an ideal body, created by
law, composed of individuals united under a common name, the members
of which succeed each other, so that the body continues the same,
notwithstanding the changes of the individuals who compose it, and
which for certain purposes is considered as a natural person. Browne's
Civ. Law, 99; Civ. Code of Lo. art. 418; 2 Kent's Com. 215. Mr. Kyd,
(Corpor. vol. 1, p. 13,) defines a corporation as follows: " A
corporation, or body politic, or body incorporate, is a collection of
many; individuals united in one body, under a special denomination,
having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested by
the policy of the law, with a capacity of acting in several respects
as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property,
contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued; of enjoying
privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of
political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of
its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time
of its creation, or at any subsequent period of its existence."
6. Nations or states, are denominated by publicists, bodies politic,
and are said to have their affairs and interests, and to deliberate
and resolve, in common. They thus become as moral persons, having an
understanding and will peculiar to themselves, and are susceptible of
obligations and laws. Vattel, 49. In this extensive sense the United
States may be termed a corporation; and so may each state singly. Per
Iredell, J. 3 Dall. 447.
----------
Webster's New Dictionary unabridged 2nd Ed. 1965.
The United States Federal Government is a corporate entity or society
which makes it a person. A monarch is, "a single or sole ruler of a
state... a person or a thing that suppresses others of the same kind."
----------
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth
Edition. 2000.
body corporate
NOUN: See corporation (sense 2).
corporation
NOUN: 1. A body that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate
legal entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities
distinct from those of its members. 2. Such a body created for
purposes of government. Also called body corporate. 3. A group of
people combined into or acting as one body. 4. Informal A protruding
abdominal region; a potbelly.
----------
U.S. Supreme Court
CHISHOLM v. STATE OF GA., 2 U.S. 419 (1793)
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=2&invol=419#ff8
"As to corporations, all States whatever are corporations or bodies
politic."
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
by John Bouvier
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
5. The United States of America are a corporation endowed with the
capacity to sue and be sued, to convey and receive property. 1 Marsh.
Dec. 177, 181. But it is proper to observe that no suit can be brought
against the United States without authority of law.
----------
US CODE COLLECTION
TITLE 28 > PART VI > CHAPTER 176 > SUBCHAPTER A > Sec. 3002.
Sec. 3002. - Definitions
(15)
''United States'' means -
(A)
a Federal corporation;
----------
U.S. Supreme Court
VAN BROCKLIN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE, 117 U.S. 151 (1886)
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=117&invol=151#154
"In the words of Chief Justice MARSHALL: 'The United States is a
government, and consequently a body politic and corporate, capable of
attaining the objects for which it was created, by the means which are
necessary for their attainment. This great corporation was ordained
and established by the American people, and endowed by them with great
powers for important purposes. Its powers are unquestionably limited;
but while within those limits, it is as perfect a government as any
other, having all the faculties and properties belonging to a
government, with a perfect right to use them freely, in order to
accomplish the objects of its institution.' U. S. v. Maurice, 2 Brock.
96, 109."
----------
U.S. Supreme Court
PROPRIETORS OF CHARLES RIVER BRIDGE v. PROPRIETORS OF, 36 U.S. 420
(1837)
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=36&page=420
"Corporations are also of all grades, and made for varied objects; all
governments are corporations, created by usage and common consent, or
grants and charters which create a body politic for prescribed
purposes; but whether they are private, local or general, in their
objects, for the enjoyment of property, or the exercise of power, they
are all governed by the same rules of law, as to the construction and
the obligation of the instrument by which the incorporation is made."
"The federal government itself is but a corporation, created by the
grant or charter of the separate states;"
----------
As clearly expressed in all these references, the United States of
America is a CORPORATION as with ALL "nations" or "states".
LIE #3
In a pathetic attempt to discredit the fact that in law the word
"person" is applied to a man to establish a rank with that rank
determining the rights entitled and duties imposed...
"All ranks here in Canada have been abolished" - Stephen Jenuth
----------
Lloyd Duhaime Legal Dictionary (Canadian)
Minor
A person who is legally underage. It varies between 21 and 18 years of
age. Each state sets an age threshold at which time a person is
invested with all legal rights as an adult. For many new adults, this
may mean access to places serving alcohol and the right to purchase
and consume alcohol, smoke cigarettes and drive a car. But there are
many other legal rights which a minor does not have such as, in some
states, the right to own land, to sign a contract or to get married.
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
by John Bouvier
MAJOR, persons. One who has attained his full age, and has acquired
all his civil rights; one who is no longer a minor; an adult.
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
by John Bouvier
MINOR, persons. One under the age of twenty-one years, while in a
state of infancy; one who has not attained the age of a major. The
terms major and minor, are more particularly used in the civil law.
The common law terms are adult and infant. See Infant.
MINORITY. The state or condition of a minor; infancy. In another
sense, it signifies the lesser number of votes of a deliberative
assembly; opposed to majority. (q.v.)
----------
Anyways, to suggest that there are no "ranks" here in Canada such as
that of a "minor" or "major" is simply a BOLD FACE LIE being told by a
dirty lying lawyer.
I can go on and on listing the numerous lies this lying sack of shit
has been caught in but I think you get the picture.
There is nothing which suggests this is true. Taxes are not a commerical
operation, rather they are just the way the government collects revuenue
for its operations.
The collection of revenue (money) in EXCHANGE for beneficial services
provided is not within the commercial realm??? bwahahahaha you're
fucked asshole. Again, you're nothing but a lying sack of shit. I
wonder if your "clients" know what a pathetic liar you are? hrmmm
----------
"The entire taxing and monetary systems are hereby placed under the
U.C.C. (Uniform Commercial Code)" -- The Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966
----------
A Law Dictionary
by John Bouvier
TAXES. This term in its most extended sense includes all contributions
imposed by the government upon individuals for the service of the
state, by whatever name they are called or known, whether by the name
of tribute, tithe, talliage, impost, duty, gabel, custom, subsidy,
aid, supply, excise, or other name.
----------
A DICTIONARY OF LAW (1893)
Commerce. Latin commercium. In its simplest signification, an exchange
of goods; but in the advancement of society, labor, transportation,
itelligence, care and various mediums of exchange, become commodities
and enter into commerce. Gibbens v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 229 (1824),
Marshall, Chief Justice. The interchange or mutual change of goods,
productions, or property of any kind, between nations or individuals.
People v. Raymond, 84 Cal. 497 (1868).
----------
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
TAX, n. [L. taxo, to tax.]
1. A rate or sum of money assessed on the person or property of a
citizen by government, for the use of the nation or state. Taxes, in
free governments, are usually laid upon the property of citizens
according to their income, or the value of their estates. Tax is a
term of general import, including almost every species of imposition
on persons or property for supplying the public treasury, as tolls,
tribute, subsidy, excise, impost, or customs. But more generally, tax
is limited to the sum laid upon polls, lands, houses, horses, cattle,
professions and occupations. So we speak of a land tax, a window tax,
a tax on carriages, &c. Taxes are annual or perpetual.
2. A sum imposed on the persons and property of citizens to defray the
expenses of a corporation, society, parish or company; as a city tax,
a county tax, a parish tax, and the like. So a private association
may lay a tax on its members for the use of the association.
TAX, v.t. [L. taxo.]
1. To law, impose or assess upon citizens a certain sum of money or
amount of property, to be paid to the public treasury, or to the
treasury of a corporation or company, to defray the expenses of the
government or corporation, &c.
----------
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law
tax
1: a charge usu. of money imposed by legislative or other public
authority upon persons or property for public purposes
2: a sum levied on members of an organization to defray expenses
----------
You seem to think that just because an organization is incorporated, it
is somehow commercial in nature. This seems to fly in the face of the
facts. Many organiations are incorporated and are prohibited from engaging
in profit making activities (for example, non-profit and charitable
societies and companies), and various governmental organizations which
have particular purposes. The CCRA is just such an entity: it has
the job of collecting taxes for the government. Being a separate
body corporate gives it more flexibility in hiring, etc., than it
would as a department of the government (as Revenue Canada used to
be).
Hey STUPID, we are talking about the EXCHANGE of money for beneficial
services provided between the "Government of Canada" and a "taxpayer".
lmao what a loser, you're worse than Raider hahaha
What a pathetic attempt to hide from the fact that ALL "governments"
are CORPORATE ENTITIES that is, CORPORATIONS..
----------
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth
Edition. 2000.
corporative
SYLLABICATION: cor·po·ra·tive
PRONUNCIATION: kôrpr--tv, -p-rtv
ADJECTIVE: 1. Of, relating to, or associated with a corporation. 2. Of
or relating to a government or political system in which the principal
economic functions, such as banking, industry, labor, and government,
are organized as corporate entities.
----------
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 10th Edition
Main Entry: cor·po·rate
Pronunciation: 'kor-p(&-)r&t
Function: adjective
Etymology: Latin corporatus, past participle of corporare to make into
a body, from corpor-, corpus
Date: 1512
1 a : formed into an association and endowed by law with the rights
and liabilities of an individual : INCORPORATED b : of or relating to
a corporation <a plan to reorganize the corporate structure>
2 : of, relating to, or formed into a unified body of individuals
<human law arises by the corporate action of a people -- G. H. Sabine>
3 : CORPORATIVE 2
- cor·po·rate·ly adverb
----------
"When governments enter the world of commerce, they are subject to the
same burdens as any private firm or corporation" -- U.S. v. Burr, 309
U.S. 242 See: 22 U.S.C.A.286e, Bank of U.S. vs. Planters Bank of
Georgia, 6L, Ed. (9 Wheat) 244; 22 U.S.C.A. 286 et seq., C.R.S.
11-60-103
----------
U.S. Supreme Court
PROPRIETORS OF CHARLES RIVER BRIDGE v. PROPRIETORS OF, 36 U.S. 420
(1837)
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=36&page=420
"Corporations are also of all grades, and made for varied objects; all
governments are corporations, created by usage and common consent, or
grants and charters which create a body politic for prescribed
purposes; but whether they are private, local or general, in their
objects, for the enjoyment of property, or the exercise of power, they
are all governed by the same rules of law, as to the construction and
the obligation of the instrument by which the incorporation is made."
"The federal government itself is but a corporation, created by the
grant or charter of the separate states;"
----------
The signing of an income tax return simply certifies that the information
contained in the return is true.
Yes, and it also AUTHORIZES (signature) the COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENT and
gives EVIDENCE of "person" as so defined within the Income Tax Act.
----------
A Law Dictionary
by John Bouvier
SIGNATURE, pract. contr. By signature is understood the act of putting
down a man's name, at the end of an instrument, to attest its
validity. The name thus written is also called a signature.
2. It is not necessary that a party should write his name himself, to
constitute a signature; his mark is now held sufficient though he was
able to write. 8 Ad. & El. 94; 3 N. & Per. 228; 3 Curt. 752; 5 John.
144, A signature made by a party, another person guiding his band with
his consent, is sufficient. 4 Wash. C. C. 262, 269. Vide to Sign.
----------
Taxpayers may be limited liability entities, such as corporations and
other bodies corporate, and they may be normal everyday human beings.
Who or what "may" be a "taxpayer" is dependent on the definition of
"person" within the Income Tax Act. And pay attention STUPID, the
"limited liability" in discussion is the legal entity/existence known
as a "person" and NOT the body that it is APPLIED to.
There is nothing which suggests this is true anywhere in the income
tax act, or in any decision rendered by any court. There is no
reputable authority which suggests that this is in any way true.
----------
The Century Dictionary
http://216.156.253.178/CENTURY/index.html
corporative, a. [As corporate + -ive; = F. corporatif.] Corporate;
having the character of a corporation.
No citizen can be taxed except as allowed by this law, by the law
regulating the provincial diets, and by the corporative guilds. - The
Nation, Dec. 1, 1870, p. 364.
----------
Of course, we need to further look at the corrections made below...
There is nothing in the income tax act which suggests that corporation
and person are equivalent.
Give us a break you lying sack of shit.
----------
"I find that a "person" as defined in s. 248(l) of the Income Tax Act
includes both a natural person and an artificial person. It follows
that the applicant is a "person" and a "taxpayer". I also find that
he is a person "resident" in Canada. Either a corporation or a person
may be "resident" or, indeed, for other legal purposes "domiciled",
in Canada or elsewhere. As a "person", the applicant has the, same
rights and obligations as any other "person" under the Income Tax Act.
His obligations include the filing of annual income tax returns and
the payment of any income tax owing under his returns." - Judge
Sedgwick J.
----------
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth
Edition. 2000.
en·ti·ty
1. Something that exists as a particular and discrete unit: Persons
and corporations are equivalent entities under the law. 2. The fact of
existence; being. 3. The existence of something considered apart from
its properties.
----------
While all corporations are persons, not
all persons are corporatations.
Having character of a corporation. - The DEFINITION of the word
"person" within the Income Tax Act INCLUDES corporations and thus to
fall within the definition of "person" within the Income Tax Act is to
have the CHARACTER of a CORPORATION and will be TREATED the same as a
CORPORATION under the ACT.
All persons have the same rights and
liabilities under the income tax act
Hahaha which makes "persons" and "corporations" EQUIVALENT ENTITIES
under the ACT.
--- although the taxation rates
and some of the rules for corporations are different than for other
types of persons.
See above references simpleton.
No. This was once partially true in the development of joint stock
companies and the law of clubs in the 1800s. But even then, limited
liability corporations were created (by statute or by letters patent).
The creation of limited liability by contract largely disappeared following
the passing of the Companies Act, which allowed people to incorporate
companies.
Man are you full of crap buddy and how sad to see how desperate you
are getting. You are testimony to just how CORRUPT the system is.
Surely, when you put on a "person" within the body corporate, your
capacity to act is limited as you are bound, as a "member", to follow
the instruction of the "head". Any "person" within an ACT is a
"limited liability" in that "a person shall...OR ELSE !!!"
A "person" as defined in the Income Tax Act signifies a limited
liability with "rights and obligations". Indeed such is the case when
the law applies the word "person" to a man to establish a "rank" with
that RANK determining the rights entitled and duties imposed.
----------
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
LIM'ITED, pp.
1. Bounded; circumscribed; restrained.
LIABIL'ITY, n.
1. The state of being bound or obliged in law or justice;
responsibility. The officer wishes to discharge himself from his
liability.
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
by John Bouvier
LIABILITY. Responsibility; the state of one who is bound in law and
justice to do something which may be enforced by action. This
liability may arise from contracts either express or implied, or in
consequence of torts committed.
----------
P.G Osborn, The Concise Law Dictionary 4th Edition, London, U.K.,
Sweet and Maxwell, 1954
Obligation "A duty: the bond of legal necessity which binds together
two or more determinate individuals. It is limited to legal duties
arising out of a special personal relationship existing, whether by
reason of a contract or a tort, or otherwise between two or more
individual persons; e.g. debtor and creditor."
----------
Webster Dictionary, 1913
Liability (Page: 847)
Li`a*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Liabilities ().
1. The state of being liable; as, the liability of an insurer;
liability to accidents; liability to the law.
2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is
liable. Specifically, in the pl., the sum of one's pecuniary
obligations; -- opposed to assets. Limited liability.
----------
Income Tax Act
PART I
INCOME TAX
DIVISION A
LIABILITY FOR TAX
----------
"A person is such, not because he is human, but because rights and
duties are ascribed to him. The person is the legal subject or
substance of which the rights and duties are attributes." - Pollack,
First Treatise on Jurisprudence, quoted in Black's Law Dictionary
(4th Rev. Ed., 1968), p. 1300.
----------
Institutes of American Law, Volume I, BOOK I, - OF PERSONS, by John
Bouvier. 1854.
137. Men, women and children, who are called natural persons: but in
another sense, a person is meant the part which a man plays in
society. In law, man and person are not exactly synonymous terms. (a)
Any human being is a man, (b) whether he be a member of society or
not, whatever may be the rank he holds, or whatever may be his age,
sex, etc. A person is a man considered according to the rank he holds
in society, with all the rights to which the place he holds entitles
him, and the duties which it imposes." --- Institutes of American Law,
Volume I, BOOK I, - OF PERSONS, by John Bouvier. 1854."
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
by John Bouvier
PERSON. This word is applied to men, women and children, who are
called natural persons. In law, man and person are not exactly
synonymous terms. Any human being is a man, whether he be a member of
society or not, whatever may be the rank he holds, or whatever may be
his age, sex, &c. A person is a man considered according to the rank
he holds in society, with all the rights to which the place he holds
entitles him, and the duties which it imposes. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 137.
----------
"I find that a "person" as defined in s. 248(l) of the Income Tax Act
includes both a natural person and an artificial person. It follows
that the applicant is a "person" and a "taxpayer". I also find that
he is a person "resident" in Canada. Either a corporation or a person
may be "resident" or, indeed, for other legal purposes "domiciled",
in Canada or elsewhere. As a "person", the applicant has the, same
rights and obligations as any other "person" under the Income Tax Act.
His obligations include the filing of annual income tax returns and
the payment of any income tax owing under his returns." - Judge
Sedgwick J.
----------
And you're a lying sack of shit.
There is no such contact.
Then why the need for your "signature" evidencing a "party" to a
commercial instrument? LOL Why then the need to "create" a "LEGAL
IDENTITY" which is NEEDED to OBTAIN beneficial services from the
corporate body which in turn creates LIABILITY / OBLIGATION to taxes?
LOL
----------
Ontario Government Birth Certificate info page
http://www.cbs.gov.on.ca/mcbs/english/births.htm
"Registering your child's birth is the first step to giving your baby
a legal identity. Once your baby’s birth is registered, you will be
able to apply for a birth certificate.
A birth certificate is a legal document needed to establish legal
identity and will be used throughout your child’s life to obtain
health services, a passport, old age pension and many other beneficial
services."
----------
The correct response is that there isn't a VALID contract of limited
liability in place. It is by EVIDENCE OF PERSON (as so defined in the
ITA) that the unwary (and largely uninformed) are submitted to
excessive financial obligations under LIMITED LIABILITY.
No. The Income Tax Act is a public statute. It is not private commercial
law.
**** you.
The Income Tax Act REGULATES the PERFORMANCE of PERSON that is, it
REGULATES the RIGHTS, CONDUCT, and AFFAIRS of PERSONS.
----------
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, 6th edition
JUS PRIVATUM
Private law; the law regulating the rights, conduct, and affairs of
individuals, as distinguished from "public" law, which relates to the
constitution and functions of government and the administration of
criminal justice.
See also Private Law; Jus Publicum
----------
There is no contact of limited liabiilty.
Correct. One is FRAUDULANTLY implied when evidence of "person" as so
defined within the Income Tax Act is established. Certainly simply
"appearing" in "person" within its "jurisdiction" puts the argument to
rest.
In fact, your liability is
not limited at all.
----------
Webster Dictionary, 1913
Liability (Page: 847)
Li`a*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Liabilities ().
1. The state of being liable; as, the liability of an insurer;
liability to accidents; liability to the law.
2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is
liable. Specifically, in the pl., the sum of one's pecuniary
obligations; -- opposed to assets. Limited liability.
----------
Income Tax Act
PART I
INCOME TAX
DIVISION A
LIABILITY FOR TAX
----------
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
LIM'ITED, pp.
1. Bounded; circumscribed; restrained.
LIABIL'ITY, n.
1. The state of being bound or obliged in law or justice;
responsibility. The officer wishes to discharge himself from his
liability.
----------
And of course, all of this IDIOT's LIES are propagated on the backs of
the peoples IGNORANCE as to what a PERSON is in LAW.
StaR
----------
"The signification in Our Jurisprudence .... The word ‘Person,’ in its
primitive and natural sense, signifies the mask with which actors, who
played dramatic pieces in Rome and Greece, covered their heads. These
pieces were played in public places. and afterwards in Such vast
amphitheaters that it was impossible for a man to make himself heard
by all the spectators. Recourse was had to art; the head of each actor
was enveloped with a mask, the figure of which represented the Part he
was to play, and it was so contrived that the opening for the emission
of his voice made the sounds clearer and more resounding, vox
personabat, when the name persona was given to the instrument or mask
which facilitated the resounding of his voice. The name persona was
afterwards applied to the part itself which the actor had undertaken
to play, because the face of the mask was adapted to the age and
character of him who was considered as speaking, and sometimes it was
his own portrait. It is in this last sense of personage, or of the
part which an individual plays, that the word persona is employed in
jurisprudence, in opposition to the word man, homo. When we speak of a
person, we only consider the state of the man, the part he plays in
society, abstractly, without considering the individual". 1
Bouvier’s Institutes, note 1.
----------
A LAW DICTIONARY
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
by John Bouvier
PERSON. This word is applied to men, women and children, who are
called natural persons. In law, man and person are not exactly
synonymous terms. Any human being is a man, whether he be a member of
society or not, whatever may be the rank he holds, or whatever may be
his age, sex, &c. A person is a man considered according to the rank
he holds in society, with all the rights to which the place he holds
entitles him, and the duties which it imposes. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 137.
----------
"The word `person' (persona) does not in the language of the law, as
in ordinary language, designate the physical man." "In fact, law, by
its power of abstraction creates persons, as we shall see that it
creates things, which do not exist in nature." "A moment's reflection
enables one to see that man and person cannot be synonymous, for there
cannot be an artificial man, though there are artificial persons. Thus
the conclusion is easily reached that the law itself often creates an
entity or a being which is called a person; the law cannot create an
artificial man, but it can and frequently does invest him with
artificial attributes; this is his personality, which we see and by
which we are affected." - American Law and Procedure Vol. XIII,
Jurisprudence and Legal Institutions, LaSalle Extension University,
authored by Professor James Dewit Andrews of Albany Law School and
Ruskin University
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"Following many writers on jurisprudence, a juristic person may be
defined as an entity that is subject to a right. There are good
etymological grounds for such an inclusive neutral definition. The
Latin "PERSONA" originally referred to DRAMATIS PERSONAE, and in Roman
Law the term was adapted to refer to anything that could act on either
side of a legal dispute... In effect, in Roman legal tradition,
PERSONS are creations, artifacts, of the law itself, i.e., of the
legislature that enacts the law, and are not considered to have, or
only have incidentally, existence of any kind outside of the legal
sphere. The law, on the Roman interpretation, is systematically
ignorant of the biological status of its subjects." - Peter
French in THE CORPORATION AS A MORAL PERSON, 16 American Philosophical
Quarterly 207, at 215 (1979).
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The Century Dictionary
http://216.156.253.178/CENTURY/index.html
person (per'son or per'sn), n. [( ME. Person, persun, persone,
persoun, Parson, a person or parson, ( OF. petsone, person, parson,
F. personne, person, = Sp. persona = Pg. pessoa = It. persona, a
person, character, = OFries. persona, perseuna, persina, person,
parson, = NID. persoon, D. persoon, person, character, -- MLG.
persone, person, character, parson, -- NIHG. persone, person, G.
person, person, ---- Icel. persona, personi, person, parson, = Sw.
Dan. person, person, personage, character, < L. persona, a mask for
actors, hence a personage, character, or a part represented by an
actor, a part which one sustains in the world, a person or personage,
ML. also a parson; said to be derived, with lengthening of the radical
vowel, < personare, sound through, resound, make a sound on a musical
instrument, play, call out, etc., ( per, through, + sSaare, sound, <
sonus, sound: see so,ant, soundS. The orig. sense 'mask' is late in
E., and is a mere Latinism.]
1. A mask anciently worn by actors, covering the whole head, and
varying according to the character to be represented; hence, a mask
or disguise.
Certain it is that no man can long put on a person and act a part but
his evil manners will peep through the corners of the white robe.
Jer. Taylor, Apples of Sodom, iii.
2. The character represented by such a mask or by the player who wore
it; hence, character; role; the part which one assumes or sustains on
the stage or in life.
From his first appearance upon the stage, in his new person of a
sycophant or juggler, instead of his former person of a prince, he
[Perkin Warbeck] was exposed to the derision not only of the
courtiers, but also of the common people. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p.
186.
I then did use the person of your father; The image of his power lay
in me. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2. 74.
I must take upon me the person of a philosopher, and make them a
present of my advice. Steele, Guardian, No. 141.
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Webster's 1828 Dictionary
FICTI'TIOUS, a. [L. fictifius, from fingo, to feign.]
1. Feigned; imaginary; not real.
The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones.
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